I initially set out on a career in mechanical engineering but switched to the world of microelectronics via physics and later to telecommunications. I have now returned to mechanical engineering with a perhaps surprising application area - honey bees.
Honeybees are an extended organism. That is to say their immediate environment is closely bound into their behaviour. A consequence of the fact that they spend over 80% of their lifespan in their nest. They dont hibernate and must keep part of their nest all year above 18C yet they can be found where the winters go to -40C. Their nest is not only a place to raise young, which must kept within 34C +/- 1C to successfully develop, but is also a sugar refining factory, changing sugar solution concentrations from 20% to 80+% in quantities of over 1Kg per day.
It is clear that heat transfer inside and to the outside of the nest is a integral to the life and success of honeybees. But almost nothing is known about it. This is partly because the expertise is associately usually with non-biological concerns and partly because it is difficult to study or measure heat flow in a box full of venomous insects and even more difficult when those insects are deep inside a massive tree. This is where computational fluid dynamics comes in. It allows simulation and measurement of complex and difficult to instrument systems. Earlier studies have shown by experimental simulation that there is an order of magnitude difference between manmade hives and their natural abode of tree hollows in just the lumped thermal conductance of the enclosure, taken as a empty enclosure and a simple heat source. Because honeybees have to date only been studied in manmade boxes and not in trees or tree like structure , The internal structures the honeybees build that affect heat transfer have not been measured nor has the distribution of the honey bees, in what is a dramatically different thermal environment. Therefore part of the research will involve studying and measuring what honeybees do in tree like structures to provide data for the CFD work.
Education
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2024University of Leeds, Doctor of Philosophy
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1982Bangor University, Master of Science
Publications
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2024Are man-made hives valid thermal surrogates for natural honey bee nests (Apis mellifera)?, Journal of Thermal Biology
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2023Honeybee cluster—not insulation but stressful heat sink, Journal of the Royal Society Interface
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2022Honey bee (Apis mellifera) size determines colony heat transfer when brood covering or distributed, International Journal of Biometeorology
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2022Simulating the built environment for another globally distributed species, Proceedings of BSO Conference 2022: 6th Conference of IBPSA-England
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2019Nectar, humidity, honey bees (Apis mellifera) and varroa in summer: A theoretical thermofluid analysis of the fate of water vapour from honey ripening and its implications on the control of Varroa destructor, Journal of the Royal Society Interface
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2019Thermal efficiency extends distance and variety for honeybee foragers: Analysis of the energetics of nectar collection and desiccation by Apis mellifera, Journal of the Royal Society Interface
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2016Ratios of colony mass to thermal conductance of tree and man-made nest enclosures of Apis mellifera: implications for survival, clustering, humidity regulation and Varroa destructor, International Journal of Biometeorology
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1981A high efficiency passive neutralizer system, Journal of Electrostatics
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